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civil service examination
Civil service examinations (also public tendering) are examinations implemented in various countries for recruitment and admission to the civil service. They are intended as a method to achieve an effective, rational public administration on a merit system. In a nutshell, civil service exams were like expanded job applications or expanded degrees or diplomas.
The most ancient example of such exams were the imperial examinations of ancient China. Russian Empire implemented such procedures at the turn of the 19th century.
== See also ==
* Civil service commission
* Government procurement
* Public utilities commission
* Spoils system
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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